Analysis of Semantic Classification of Lexical Units. Реферат по лексикологии на английском языке на 10 страниц

Other types of oppositional relationships are also noted in the literature. First of all, these are the so-called additional, or complementary, antonyms, i.e., pairs of words expressing the opposition of two types of one gender (mother - father (generic parent concept); employer - employee (generic concept person at work), etc. ). Antonyms also include pairs of words describing the same phenomenon, but from opposite positions (give - take (transfer - reception of an object), lay - lie (activity - passivity of an object), etc.). Such pairs are calledconvertives.Like synonymy, antonymy can be not only linguistic, but also contextual. In this case, words that do not have a sign of opposition in the volume of their meanings enter into a relationship of antonymy. Let us give an example illustrating this position."Euphemism" in English, and in other languages, too, is called a neutral in meaning and emotional coloring word or descriptive expression, which is usually resorted to in texts and public statements in order to replace other words and expressions that are considered unacceptable or inappropriate. Therefore, there is a "euphemism" from the Greek words, which in general are translated as "melodious" [6].If you express this definition in other words or in a simpler language, you get the following: in any language there are rude, obscene (abusive) words, so-called taboo vocabulary, which we try not to use in speech or in printed materials. But this is the lexical layer of the language, one cannot get away from it, and it is not necessary to deny it. This is a normal living language. So in order to mention these words, but not to call them directly, and we need euphemisms. The same principle applies to words that are simply undesirable in a particular situation or to words that are not initially pronounced due to superstitious considerations.ConclusionWith all the diversity and abundance of the composition, permeability, mobility, internal heterogeneity of the lexical level of the language, it is a well-organized system. The concept of "systematic vocabulary" includes two interrelated aspects. First, the vocabulary is included in the general system of the language, correlated with phonetics, morphemic, word formation, morphology, syntax. Secondly, consistency is inherent in the vocabulary from the point of view of its internal organization. Words are combined into different groups depending on their meaning. So, combinations of words based on semantic similarities and differences can be singled out - antonymic pairs, synonymic series. A complex microsystem is a multi-valued word. Based on a common semantic component, words are grouped together: for example, the words lake, river, stream, canal, pond, etc. form a group of words with the general meaning ‘pond’.Thus, the meanings of words form a system within a single word (polysemy), within the vocabulary as a whole (synonymy, antonymy), within the entire language system (the connection of vocabulary with other levels of language). The specificity of the lexical level of a language is its vocabulary to reality (sociality), the permeability of the system formed by words, its mobility, the related impossibility of an exact calculation of lexical units.ReferencesBaugh A.C. and Cable T.A. History of the English Language, London, 1978Crabb A.M. English Synonyms Explained.- London, 1958.Ginsburg R.S. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. M., 1979.Goursky S.E. The Idiomatic Heart of the Language. Lvov, 1975.Kuznetsova V.S. Notes on English Lexicology.- K., 1968.М.Akhmanova O. Lexicology. Theory and Method. - M., 1972