Типы и функции эвфемизмов в американских средствах массовой информации

In some cases euphemisms are used not to veil and hide some semantics but to make a figurative interpretation of the depicted facts. Such function is observed in 5 euphemisms in the analyzed newspaper “Houston Chronicle”. That composes 6.3 percent:
An hour later, gunmen stormed the Chaldean Christian church in western Mosul, forced out the few people inside, rigged explosives and set them off, Father  Ragheed Aziz  said.
The word storm is used here as a metaphorical euphemization of shooting. Its direct meaning is linked with weather conditions: (of the weather) be violent, with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow [46]. But as a euphemism it is used in order to denote the following meaning: suddenly attack and capture (a building or other place) by means of force [46].
Those schools must receive "met standards" ratings in 2018 to avoid the possibility of immediate closure or the state taking control of Houston ISD operations. (HC66).
The euphemistic nature of the word combination meet standards is seen because of expression of the meaning of governmental help towards schools for disabled children. Such euphemism is used within quotation. It shows a metaphorical explanation of facts by the speaker.
6. Discussing of taboo subjects.
The humanity has several taboo subjects which are mostly hidden in the contexts of mass media.
The main taboo subject is death and everything linked with the notion of death. For example:
Charities, Inc. raised more than $20,000 last year to benefit Texas Children’s Hospital The Woodlands’ family fund, which is set up to help the families of children fighting cancer (HC69).
The notion of death penetrates the given example concerning the disease of cancer that cannot be cure in our century. People are afraid of this disease. That is why it is important to soften this taboo subject with the help of the term fight. This word substitutes here the semantics of the word be sick.
Longhorns legend Johnny 'Lam' Jones passes away at 60 (HC62).
In this case the notion of death is replaced by the traditional euphemistic word expression pass away. In the dictionaries this expression is defined as “polite expression for die” [23].
It must be noted that the death is the main taboo subject that is discussing in the American mass media materials with the help of euphemisms. For example:
Dying on the job: Some of the 100-plus Houston people who lost their lives at work in 2018 (HC57).
Those deaths in the Houston area accounted for about 20 percent of workplace deaths statewide in 2018, according to a Houston Chronicle report detailing a pilot program aimed at preventing future fatalities (HC57).
7. General terminology.
The function of adding of general terminology is not observed in theoretical and practical investigation analyzed in Chapter 1 of the present study. But the analysis of some euphemisms shows that this function must be added to the classification of function of euphemisms in mass media discourse of the USA.
In the analyzed materials we have observed 5 euphemisms used in this function. That composes 6.3 per cent. For example:
The owner of a Greenspoint-area subsidized housing complex inundated by Tropical Storm Harvey less than two years after the last devastating flood is in buyout talks with the city of Houston and others, he said Tuesday (HC68).
The verb subsidize is a common economic term denoting the following meanings:
1) Support (an organization or activity) financially;
2) Pay part of the cost of producing (something) to keep the selling price low [46].
The usage of this term helps to veil the subject of poverty and low income. But it is also a general term that is widely used in economic sphere. Consequently, its main function isterminological in the present context.
The problem has been less dramatic in the Houston metro area, where housing costs have risen for people in all income brackets (HC58).
The phrase income brackets is also a generic term denoting the particular income range [41]. It is used here, firstly, as a general terminology. Secondly, it is a euphemism trying to veil the subjects of inequality in the USA.
Most frequently this function is observed in the analyzed social sphere of poor and rich such as:
“Many of our families never get the opportunity to shop from a retail store. They depend on secondhand and resale shop clothing, so this is a spectacular service for our families in need.
But sometimes it is also performed by military euphemisms or even economic euphemisms, as in the following examples:
A soldier was slain by small-arms fire while on patrol in Baghdad and a Marine died in a vehicle accident in the western Anbar province (HC60).
Capitalism in crisis: U.S. billionaires worry about the survival of the system that made them rich (HC55).
8. Adding of emotionality.
This function is also a new one in the sphere of functions of euphemisms in the modern mass media. It is observed in 5 euphemisms (6.3%). For example:
Before them, Trump and his cohorts demonized Rep. Maxine Waters, who Trump dubbed “Low IQ,” and Rep. Frederica Wilson of Florida (HC54).
The phrase low IQ is the means to differently depict a silly person. If the speaker (the president of the USA) used the word silly, he would be criticized. But such euphemistic expression helps him simultaneously to veil the mental characteristic of a human and to show his emotionality concerning this person.
Donald Trump upped the ante, retweeting a video of Omar saying, “Some people did something,” interspersed with the still-chilling video of the 9/11 attacks (HC54).
In this case the function of emotionality is added with the help of euphemism 9/11 attacks. As we have already mentioned, such euphemism is widely used in mass media to denote the most horrible terrorists’ act in the USA. This euphemism helps to evoke emotions in the recipients’ minds.
9. Political correctness.
Function of political correctness is provided in euphemisms which constitutes the politically correct lexicon of the modern American English. Such euphemisms are wide spread and sometimes are seen as dysphemisms, because of their mainstreaming. For example:
Operation School Bell identifies economically disadvantaged children within the county whose families may not be able to buy them new school clothes and then sets them up with a shopping spree (HC69).
The component disadvantaged is used in many politically correct euphemisms to show someone or something being in unfavorable circumstances, especially with regard to financial or social opportunities [46]. In this case the journalist says about children who have not enough money for clothes.
Omar is only the most recent minority woman onto whom conservatives have trained their fire (HC54).
The word minority is also wide used in order to represent different layers of people. In this case it is a racial euphemism showing people of “non-white” race (Muslims).
10. Generalization of facts.
The function of generalization of facts is added by use in the scheme of euphemistic functions in order to represent the following example:
"There is evidence indicating that some groups in some neighboring countries are playing a direct role in the killing of the Iraqi people and such thing is not acceptable to us," Saleh said, adding that talks with foreign leaders on the problem had gotten nowhere (HC60).
In this case the extended word combination is used with the aim to generalize all the countries which are “not desired” by the American government.
Table 3
Functional classification of euphemisms in “Houston Chronicle”
Function of Euphemisms Amount of Euphemisms Percentage of Euphemisms Avoiding rudeness 28 35 Concealing of real facts 11 13.8 More elevated style 9 11.3 Veiling of unpleasant facts 6 7.5 Figurative interpretation 5 6.3 Discussing of taboo subjects 5 6.3 General terminology 5 6.3 Adding of emotionality 5 6.3 Political correctness 4 5 Generalization of facts 2 2.2 Total 80 100
2.4 Results and Discussion

The aim of the second chapter of the present study was to hold an investigation of euphemisms in American mass media materials. This aim is achieved due to solving the following tasks:
1) thematic types of euphemisms in American mass media are investigated;
2) structural types of euphemisms in mass media of the USA are examined;
3) functions of euphemisms in mass media materials are distinguished.
In the thematic classification of euphemisms used in the American newspaper “Houston Chronicle” the most frequent are the types of social and military euphemisms. Less frequent but still often used are the types of physical, political, medical, mental, criminal and racial euphemisms. Emotional and economical euphemisms are used only once or twice.
According to the structure, euphemisms are divided into 9 groups. The most frequent structural types of euphemisms are equivalent change, descriptive periphrasis and borrowing. Less frequent are expansion, metaphor, generalization and antonym. The rarest structural type is archaism.
Euphemisms perform different functions. Most often they are used in the American mass media material in order to avoid rudeness, conceal real facts or create more elevated style. Less frequent are the functions of veiling of unpleasant facts, figurative interpretation, discussing of taboo subjects, creation of general terminology, adding of emotionality, political correctness and generalization of facts.



















CHAPTER 3. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE RESEARCH RESULTS

Practical application of the research results can be held in four spheres:
1) in lexicology;
2) in stylistics;
3) in translation studies;
4) in language learning.
We will discuss the main topics of euphemisms’ study in these scientific fields separately.

3.1 Practical Relevance of the Research Results in Lexicology

Practical relevance of the research results in lexicology consists, first of all, in the principles of nomination expressed in the usage of euphemisms in the modern American mass media materials. Euphemisms provide us new names (referents) for new things (denotata). In the modern American English language they are widely used for new phenomena such as compulsory medical insurance (uninsured rate), shops for post-consumer use (secondhand), schools for disabled children (charter schools, specific schools), new ethnical conflicts (Islamophobia), etc.
In this context euphemisms can be examined as a relatively continuous process of substituting a mild or less direct word for a blunt or a harsh one denoting something unpleasant or embarrassing. In this process the old things remain, but they get new nominations replaced by less offensive euphemisms. The old referent also may be veiled for another to prevent outsiders from understanding. This nominative process is compared by L. Lipka with the nomination process of English slang [40, p. 12].
We have already said that a euphemism once appeared in the language changes its connotation. Consequently, the introduction of euphemisms into the language is mostly an onomasiological mechanism, but still euphemistic expressions may have acquired the neutral overtone that makes it fit to function as a euphemism through a semasiological shift. But the repeated use of a euphemism can be also the cause of another semasiological shift. The euphemistic effect may be different: the negative connotation of the reference of the expression gradually undermines the original euphemistic value of the expression. And a euphemism changes into dysphemism [28, p. 120].
For example, the word combination military attack is today comprehended as a full synonym to the notion of war. Consequently, it has already been deprived of positive connotation. Another example: euphemisms with the component disadvantaged sometimes have today a humorous effect.
In the field of lexicology euphemisms used in the modern American mass media materials give the good possibility to study the notion and peculiarities of political correctness. The notion of political correctness exists in many languages of the world. But most frequently its principles are observed in the USA – the founder of this phenomenon.
S.G. Ter-Minasova defines political correctness as the attempt to find new ways of language expression instead of those which hurt someone’s feelings, break his human rights by language indelicacy [17, p. 215].
G. Hughes says that the phenomenon of euphemisms in semantic aspect is the creation of new expressions by means of introduction of new terms and periphrastic expression into media and political discourse mostly [34, p. 3].
But in the modern times the term “political correctness” is often used in ironical contexts. It is linked with the fact that often the expressions of this phenomenon have more negative consequences, despite the positive motivation of political correctness in general.
In the field of lexicology the result of euphemisms’ research can be used in the sphere of synonymic investigation. We have already said that euphemisms are seen in the modern lexicology as a type of synonyms. Consequently, euphemism creates the pairs of synonyms with different evaluative meaning such as:
hydrate - drink water;
nausea - vomit;
pass away - die;
battle - disease;
fatality - victim killed;
needy - poor;
wealthy - rich;
underprivileged - poor.
It must be noted that synonymic rows can be seen within the euphemistic groups. Euphemisms create synonymic rows themselves, because there are a lot of euphemistic expressions given to one and the same unpleasant notion. For example:
(die) pass away, lost one’s life;
(poor) needy, economically disadvantages, in need, underprivileged, low-income;
(war) - military attack, operation, resistance, special operation, suppress resistance, lash out, impatience, insurgency, occupation, infiltration, instability;
(killed victims) - casualties, fatalities.
In the sphere of lexicology euphemisms can be studied as representatives of borrowings. Borrowing is one of the topical and discussion questions in the modern lexicology. And euphemistic borrowings represent loan words created with the unique aim – to create less offensive narration, especially in mass media discourse.
For example:
Hydrate: Greek borrowing;
Nausea: Latin – Greek borrowing;
Perspire: Latin borrowing;
Fatalities, fatal: middle French – Latin borrowing;
Phantom: Old French – Latin – Greek borrowing;
Insurgents, insurgency: Latin borrowing;
Subsidize: Old French – Latin borrowing;
So, in the sphere of lexicology the study of euphemisms used in the modern American mass media discourse is of great importance nowadays.

3.2 Practical Relevance of the Research Results in Stylistics

The study of euphemisms used in the modern American mass media discourse is of great importance in the sphere of stylistics. We have revealed in the present study that some ways of creating of euphemisms and their functions in the context of mass media are sometimes stylistically marked.
First of all, most euphemisms are polysemous words, and only in one figurative meaning such words can be used as synonyms. For example:
median:
1) Denoting or relating to a value or quantity lying at the midpoint of a frequency distribution of observed values or quantities, such that there is an equal probability of falling above or below it.
2) Anatomy, technical - situated in the middle, especially of the body
3) Relating to Media, an ancient region of Asia to the south-west of the Caspian Sea [46].
occupation:
1) A job or profession;
2) The action, state, or period of occupying or being occupied by military force;
3) The action of living in or using a building or other place [46].
Another stylistic relevance of the research is metaphorical euphemisms, or euphemisms created with the help of metaphor. Metaphorical nomination is very important in every language, including English in its American variant. Metaphorical euphemisms are used in the modern American mass media very often. For example:
1) battle with myeloma cancer…;
2) children fighting cancer…;
3) have a heart for children who don’t have clothes…;
4) income brackets…;
5) official lashes out…;
6) gunmen stormed the Chaldean Christian church … .
The stylistic study of euphemistic metaphors can be very important for the development of stylistics in general.
In stylistic aspect the practical relevance of the present research lies also in the sphere of words with stylistic connotation.
One of such euphemisms revealed in the present study is archaic word sly which helps to substitute the nomination kill or murder.
Another stylistic connotation which can be observed within the group of euphemisms is literary and bookish lexical units. Such euphemisms are used often only in newspaper discourse. For example: staying hydrated, nausea, perspire fatalities, infiltration, fatal, etc.
So, in the sphere of stylistics the study of stylistic marked euphemisms, metaphors and polysemous euphemistic lexemes is possible.

3.3 Practical Relevance of the Research Results in Translation Studies

The third field of practical relevance of the research results is translation studies. We have already mentioned that euphemisms are mostly used in American mass media discourse. In other countries of the world the phenomenon of media euphemisms is not developed in such high degree. That is why there can be some problems in the translation of euphemisms intro other language.
We will examine translation techniques and the possibility of their study in the pair of English and Russian.
American euphemisms rarely have strict equivalents in the Russian language. More often there are several variants to transmit the meaning of American euphemism into Russian. For example:
fatalities (English euphemisms for “dead”):
1) poteri ubitymi (потери убитыми);
2) bezvozvratnye poteri (безвозвратные потери);
3) chelovecheskie zhertvy (человеческие жертвы);
4) neschastnye sluchai so smertelnym iskhodom (несчастные случаи со смертельным исходом);
5) smertel'nye sluchai (смертельные случаи).
One of the ways of creating euphemisms in the American English language is borrowing from Latin and Greek. The complexity of equivalent translation of such euphemisms consists in the fact that Russian equivalent from Latin and Greek euphemisms are often just the same as variants of translation of dysphemisms. For example:
Nausea (euphemism) – toshnota (тошнота), otvrashchenie (отвращение), durnota (дурнота);
Vomit (dysphemism) – rvota (рвота), toshnota (тошнота).
Perspire (euphemism) – potet (потеть);
Sweat (dysphemism) – potet (потеть), pot (пот).
Only to certain groups of euphemisms there are just the same synonymic euphemistic expressions in the Russian language. For example:
English euphemism for die: pass, pass on, pass away, rest in peace, eternal rest, asleep, demise, decease, departed, gone, lost, slipped away, lost one's battle, lost one's life, succumbed, gave up the ghost, kicked the bucket, didn’t make it, breathed one's last, went to be with the Lord, went to Heaven, met one's Maker, was called home, is in a better place.
Russian euphemisms for умереть: ushel iz zhizni (ушел из жизни), ushel ot nas (ушел от нас), vernulsya domoj (вернулся домой), otoshel v luchshij mir (отошел в лучший мир), pozvali s toj storony (позвали с той стороны), skonchalsya (cкончался), letalnyj iskhod (летальный исход), prestavilsya (преставился), otdal bogu dushu (отдал богу душу), usnul vechnym snom (уснул вечным сном).
Some new euphemistic nominations are translated into the Russian language by means of loan translation:
secondhand – секондхенд;
decommission – комиссовать;
occupation – оккупация.
But more often English euphemisms are translated into the Russian language by calques. And in most cases these are ironical expressions showing the nonsense of American political correctness. For example, such ironical euphemisms are given in the collection of V. Tsenev:
Бедный - Bednyj:
1) Экономически ущемленный;
2) Экономически неподготовленный;
3) Лицо с ограниченными способностями к инвестированию.
Заключенный – Zaklyuchennyj:
1) Социально отделенное лицо;
2) Клиент исправительной системы.
Неграмотный – Negramotnyj:
1) Альтернативно обученный;
2) Лицо, использующее альтернативную грамматику;
Некрасивый – Nekrasivyj:
1) Косметически иной;
2) Человек с альтернативной внешностью [19].
Sp, in the sphere of translation studies the results of the present study are also of great importance.



3.4 Practical Relevance of the Research Results in Language Learning

The most meaningful part of practical relevance concerns language learning. In the process of English language learning there is a possibility to study different peculiarities of the English language on the material of euphemisms from the American mass media.
First of all, in the process of language learning it is possible to study how to reveal euphemisms in the context. This aim is achieved through the learning of lexical meaning of euphemisms.
It must be noted that the meaning of euphemisms should study in English-English dictionaries, because English-Russian dictionaries do not have information about euphemistic words, as a rule. Here we can observe only long existing euphemisms fixed in the translational dictionaries.
Secondly, in the process of language learning we can study morphological peculiarities of English words such as:
- affixation: uncomfortable, needy;
- compounding: Islamophobia, small-arms, lowest-earning;
- abbreviation: IQ.
Thirdly, it is important to study etymology of words that is possible on the material of borrowed euphemisms such as: hydrate, nausea, perspire, fatalities, phantom, insurgents, insurgency, subsidize.
Language learning effectiveness by the usage of euphemism is almost unlimited, because euphemisms are a good source for students studying English as a foreign language.

3.5 Results and Recommendations

The aim of the third chapter is practical application of the research results.
We have revealed four main spheres of practical relevance of the investigation of euphemisms used in the American mass media materials.
The first sphere is lexicology. In the sphere of lexicology it is possible to investigate the following features of euphemisms:
1) nomination processes;
2) semasiological shift;
3) humorous and ironical discourse;
4) the notion of political correctness;
5) synonyms of the English language;
6) borrowings from other languages into English.
Practical relevance of the research results in stylistics is revealed in the following levels:
1) polysemous words as euphemisms;
2) euphemists created with the help of metaphor;
3) archaic words as euphemisms;
4) literary and bookish words as euphemisms.
Translation studies are of great importance as practical relevance of the present research, because the main part of American euphemisms cannot be translated into the Russian language, due to the rare usage of euphemisms in Russian mass media.
Language learning field is relevant in such spheres:
1) the study of lexical meaning of euphemisms;
2) the study of word-formational model on the example of euphemisms;
3) the study of etymology of words on the material of borrowed euphemisms.







CONCLUSION

According to the analyses of types and functions of euphemisms in the American mass media materials, we can make the following conclusions formed as solving of the defined tasks:
The first task of the study was to examine the notion of “euphemism” in Linguistics. Euphemism is understood in this work as a periphrastic word or phrase that is used with the aim to avoid offensive nominations and has more positive connotations.
The second task was to study classifications of euphemisms. We have revealed two main criteria of classifications: semantic (thematic) and word-formational (structural). In order to make a complex analysis and due to the aim of the present study, we have added also functional classification to the practical investigation of euphemism in mass media discourse of the USA.
The third task was to characterize functions of euphemism in the discourse of mass media. We have revealed a lot of different functions of euphemisms distinguished by the scientists. But in the practical investigation we have revealed some new functions which are not mentioned in these researches. So, we can say about scientific novelty of the present study.
The fourth task of the work was to make thematic classification of euphemisms in American mass media. Thematic classification of euphemisms from the newspaper “Houston Chronicle” included ten different types such as social, military, physical, political, medical, mental, criminal, racial, emotional and economical euphemisms. The dominated position is occupied in the American mass media by social and military euphemisms.
According to the fifth task, we represented structural types of euphemisms in mass media of the USA. Some of them are known in linguistics, such as equivalent change, descriptive periphrasis, borrowing, expansion, metaphor, generalization. And some are newly introduced: antonym and archaism. The most frequent structural types of American mass media euphemisms are equivalent change and descriptive periphrasis.
Sixthly, in this study we have revealed functions of euphemisms in mass media materials, such as avoiding rudeness, concealing of real facts, more elevated style, veiling of unpleasant facts, figurative interpretation, discussing of taboo subjects, general terminology, adding of emotionality, political correctness, generalization of facts.
And the seventh task was to analyze practical application of the research results. The results of the research of the types and functions of euphemisms in American mass media materials can be used in lexicology, stylistics, translation studies and foreign language learning.


















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Practical Materials

3 men arrested in fatal shooting of south Houston store clerk // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Three-men-arrested-in-fatal-shooting-of-South-13833133.php
Athletes encouraged to hydrate properly, avoid hyponatremia // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/sugarland/sports/article/Athletes-encouraged-to-hydrate-properly-avoid-11275800.php
Blow: Demonizing minority women [Opinion] // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/Blow-Demonizing-minority-women-Opinion-13769689.php
Capitalism in crisis: U.S. billionaires worry about the survival of the system that made them rich // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/news/article/Billionaires-battle-capitalism-s-critics-13783784.php
Conspiracy theorists ponder if military attacked Texas with storms ahead of Jade Helm // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Jade-Helm-HAARP-weather-manipulation-Texas-storms-6333316.php
Dying on the job: Some of the 100-plus Houston people who lost their lives at work in 2018 // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/See-some-of-the-100-plus-workers-who-died-on-the-13791833.php
Housing exacerbates inequality, as the low-income pay more and the rich pay less // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/business/real-estate/article/Housing-exacerbates-inequality-as-the-low-income-13803540.php
Houston is most affordable metro area for" lower-middle" class families, per study // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Houston-is-most-affordable-metro-are-for-lower-13853924.php
Iraqi official lashes out at neighboring countries // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Iraqi-official-lashes-out-at-neighboring-countries-1985959.php
Lake Houston area businesses help special-needs students develop social, professional skills // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/humble/schools/article/Lake-Houston-area-businesses-help-special-needs-13851019.php
Longhorns legend Johnny 'Lam' Jones passes away at 60 // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/sports/longhorns/article/Texas-Longhorns-UT-Johnny-Lam-Jones-dead-cancer-13691280.php
Man who hid on Appalachian Trail for five years heads to prison// Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/crime/article/Man-who-hid-on-Appalachian-Trail-for-five-years-8401364.php
Police searching for mentally challenged man // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Police-searching-for-mentally-challenged-man-5496206.php
School finance lawsuit reopened; still on way to Supreme Court // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/katy/news/article/School-finance-lawsuit-reopened-still-on-way-to-9531823.php
Some chronically failing schools will make the grade, HISD board members say // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/news/education/article/Houston-ISD-board-members-Chronically-failing-11745891.php
Study ranks 'neediest' cities in Texas and U.S. // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/texas/article/Study-ranks-neediest-cities-in-Texas-and-U-S-12439500.php
Subsidized apartments in the floodway to be rebuilt, but buyout talks ongoing // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/news/houston-weather/hurricaneharvey/article/Subsidized-apartments-in-the-floodway-to-be-12158756.php
The Woodlands Charities dedicates 2019 funds to give needy children new clothes // Houston Chronicle. [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/woodlands/news/article/The-Woodlands-Charities-dedicates-2019-funds-to-13617370.php

List and Resources of Abbreviation

(HC 52) – 3 men arrested in fatal shooting of south Houston store clerk // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 53) – Athletes encouraged to hydrate properly, avoid hyponatremia // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 54) – Blow: Demonizing minority women [Opinion] // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 55) – Capitalism in crisis: U.S. billionaires worry about the survival of the system that made them rich // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 56) – Conspiracy theorists ponder if military attacked Texas with storms ahead of Jade Helm // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 57) – Dying on the job: Some of the 100-plus Houston people who lost their lives at work in 2018 // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 58) – Housing exacerbates inequality, as the low-income pay more and the rich pay less // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 59) – Houston is most affordable metro area for" lower-middle" class families, per study // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 60) – Iraqi official lashes out at neighboring countries // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 61) – Lake Houston area businesses help special-needs students develop social, professional skills // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 62) – Longhorns legend Johnny 'Lam' Jones passes away at 60 // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 63) – Man who hid on Appalachian Trail for five years heads to prison// Houston Chronicle.
(HC 64) – Police searching for mentally challenged man // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 65) – School finance lawsuit reopened; still on way to Supreme Court // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 66) – Some chronically failing schools will make the grade, HISD board members say // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 67) – Study ranks 'neediest' cities in Texas and U.S. // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 68) – Subsidized apartments in the floodway to be rebuilt, but buyout talks ongoing // Houston Chronicle.
(HC 69) – The Woodlands Charities dedicates 2019 funds to give needy children new clothes // Houston Chronicle.











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