phonetic and graphic stylistic means

A.Kukharenko's definition and only clarifies it. The term “grafon” is recorded in the dictionary “Culture of Russian speech”, which proposes a broader definition of grafon as “a figure of speech representing a stylistically significant deviation from the graphic standard and / or spelling norm” [13].
In fact, the last definition is the most accurate, since all the researchers listed above in the concept of "grafon" include not only a graphic presentation of deviations from the phonetic norm, but also any stylistically significant deviations from the graphic norm, such as the inclusion of letters in the graphic form of a word another alphabet (OKML, MAXIMUM) or numbers (4yoi), other types of alternative spelling that do not affect pronunciation, the creation of lexical occasionalisms using graphic means, paralinguistic means, etc.
At the same time, in accordance with its name, the term "grafon" suggests that deviations from the graphic form should be associated with the phonetic form of the word, while in practice, a number of means of graphically varying the form of a word is intended only for visual th perception. Therefore, it is necessary to separate the actual graphic and phonographic stylistic means (gra-backgrounds) 1. In works on stylistics, these terms are used synonymously, and the concept "graphic means" also denotes the phonographic level [4; ten; 12].
However, the term "phonographic means" also requires clarification and does not seem to us successful, as well as the above definitions of a graphone.
In accordance with the definition of V. A. Kukharenko, the purpose of the grafon is to reproduce the "true pronunciation" of words and expressions. However, in fact, "true pronunciation" is never conveyed and cannot be conveyed by standard graphics. For these purposes, transcription is used. In fact, graphic means in a fictional work convey only a few, usually the most recognizable signs of the phonetic features of the characters' speech. Attempting to convey the actual pronunciation by graphic means would lead to a clutter of phonographic means and difficulty in perceiving the text. This is especially true for the depiction of sociolects and dialects by phonographic means that have a wide range of deviations from the phonetic norm. To depict in a work of fiction, the author uses a set of the most typical, recognizable phonetic features of dialects and sociolects, and thus, one should speak not about the systematic reproduction of phonetic features of speech by graphic means, but about the artistic stylization of dialects, sociolects, idiolects ... This approach does not contradict the modern understanding of stylization. So, in the "Dictionary of linguistic terms" by O.S. Akhmanova, the following definition of the concept of "stylization" is given: "imitation of the manner of narration, style of speech, etc., typical for a genre, social environment, era and etc., usually striving to give the impression of authenticity ”[6]. Thus, we can talk about phonographic stylization as the use of a combination of phonographic stylistic means, which is a deliberate distortion of the graphic form of words with the aim of artistic embodiment of the phonetic features of speech. The concept of phono-graphic stylization covers both the artistic representation of sociolects and dialects, as well as deviations from the phonetic norm associated with the fact that the character speaks in a foreign language (accent), with the emotional and physical states of the characters. Presentation with the help of phonographic means of phonetic features of speech, even if they are designed to create the effect of the reliability and authenticity of speech, such as physical defects of speech (for example, lisping and stuttering), children's speech, loud speech, singing, speech of a drunk person etc., is not an exact reproduction of them. One can only talk about the depiction of certain essential features and characteristics of such types of speech and one or another degree of reliability or "naturalism" of their depiction.
In contrast to the concept of "phonographic means", which denotes stylistically significant graphic deviations at the level of language resources, the concept of "phonographic stylization" denotes strategies and specific ways of language implementation of these means. This does not exclude the possibility of using the concept of "means of phonographic stylization". Thus, a number of terms "graphic stylistic means" - "phonographic means" - "phonographic stylization" seem to be the most fully and adequately describing different ways of graphic presentation of phonetic features of speech in written texts and graphic variation not related to the phonetic level.

Conclusion

Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn.
In modern literature, authors use graphic tools to:
1. to draw the reader's attention to a particular moment of the text;
2. to convey the emotional coloring, that is, the feelings that the author communicates to the reader;
3. to intensify that part of the statement where the sub-text is guessed.
Graphic tools serve primarily as a means of written representation of oral speech.
Thus, punctuation can be expressive and applied for stylistic purposes in combination with stylistic techniques of various language levels. The role of punctuation in a number of graphic means is to convey the author's attitude to the statement. Graphic and phonetic tools complement the lack of traditional punctuation tools and are used to amplify thought logically and emotionally. The use of one or another graphic means may be conditioned by the creative manner of the author and the entire content of the work.
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