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http://www.englishlanguage.ru/texts/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=736
Приложение 1
Скрипт аудиотекста "London"
Part One
Buckingham Palace
London is the capital of Great Britain. It’s in the south-east of England on the river Thames. In the center of the city is Buckingham Palace, the home of the kings and the queens of this country. And every day in the Palace there is a famous ceremony. We’re watching the changing of the guard. The policemen are too outside the Palace. Every day a new guard of the thirty guardsmen marches to the Palace and take the place of the old guard. This is one of the most popular sites for tourists in London. First the band marches through the gates of the Palace. The job of police is to stop the tourists from following the guards. Then the rest of the new guard marches through the gate. The guardsmen wear traditional uniform: a red coat and a black helmet. The helmets (they are called bearskin) are made of fur. London has many traditions like the changing of the guard. Buckingham Palace is just one of them.
Part Two
The Tower of London
The ancient Tower of London is on the north part of the Thames. It was started by William the Conqueror at 1066. He built the Tower to impress and frighten the English. It has a long and cruel history. It was once a prison for enemies of the king. People say that the ghosts of the men and the women who died in the Tower still walk here. There are many buildings here but the most important is the White Tower which is the oldest. Its walls are thirty meters high. There is also a Jewel House that contains the famous crown jewels. The men who guard the Tower are the Wards or Beefeaters. They can tell you everything about the Tower and its history. Their clothes are the uniform of the royal guards of the year 1500. As well as beefeaters other soldiers guard the Tower. Guardsmen of the regiment of foot are soldiers of the same regiment that guard Buckingham Palace. And they have their own ceremony on the Tower Bridge. Sometimes you can see another regiment firing its guns. This happens on special occasions like a royal birthday. Today the Tower no longer frightens Londoners but the guns sometimes frighten visitors.
Приложение 2
Great Britain
The official name for the country whose language we study is the I Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. In everyday use, however word "Britain" is quite possible.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has several different names. Some people say "Great Britain", or "Britain", or "the United Kingdom just "the U.K." and "G.B."
Great Britain is an island that lies off the north west of Europe. It is the largest island in Europe. It is 500 km wide and nearly 1,000 km long. There is the Atlantic Ocean on the north of it and the North Sea on the east. The English Channel, which is about 21 miles, separates the U.K. from the continent. Its closest continental neighbors are France and Belgium. Recently the channel Tunnel, which links France and England, has been built.
There are four countries in the United Kingdom: England, Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland. England, Scotland and Wales are three main parts of Great Britain. Scotland is in the north. Edinburgh is Scotland’s capital; it’s one of the most beautiful cities in Britain. Wales is in the west. The capital city of Wales is Cardiff.
Ireland, which is also an island, lies off the west coast of Great Britain. Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic are on this island. Belfast is the largest city in Northern Ireland and it is its capital. Great Britain together with Northern Ireland constitutes the United Kingdom.
The capital city of Great Britain is London which is situated in the south-east of England. London is more than a thousand years old.
Приложение 3
Discover Britain: England
The United Kingdom is very small compared with many other countries in the world. However there are only nine other countries with more people, and London is the world’s seventh biggest city. When you travel about the country you can see how the scenery changes. Highlands turn into lowlands, forests and hills turn into meadows and plains very quickly. It's hard to believe, but in Great Britain one can find practically any type of scenery. Often what people first notice about Britain, especially if they arrive by plane, is the green of the fields, hedges and trees.
We'll begin our journey with England, the largest part of the UK, visiting its regions: the Southeast, the Southwest, East Anglia, the Midlands and the North of England. The Southeast is a highly populated region of England; there is a lot of industry near the London, the capital of the UK, and such historical cities as Windsor, Dover and Brighton are situated here. When people travel to Britain by sea or by air they usually arrive in the Southeast. Heathrow Airport, one of the world's busiest airports is about 33 km west of central London. However, there is still attractive countryside in the Southeast. The County of Kent situated here is known as the garden of England. The Southeast is famous for its resorts, Brighton is, probably, the best known of them.
The Southwest is the region where the main activity is farming. The -Southwest used to be known for its pirates. The romantic past makes it popular place for artists, writers and holidaymakers. The two principal cities of the region are Bristol and Bath. If you want to see the famous Stonehenge, one of the remarkable historic places in the UK, you should also come here. The most westerly point of Great Britain «Land's End» is also in the Southwest.
East Anglia is very flat and it is another farming region It has beautiful cities with fine historic buildings such as Cambridge The part of East Anglia called the Fens consists of miles of flat with almost no trees or hedges. It used to be partly covered by the sea and now produces good harvest. Oliver Cromwell, an English general and politician (1599-1658) who was leader of the army against King Charles I in the Civil War and later became Lord Protector of England was born in the Fens area. East Anglia is isolated from the rest of Britain because of its position away from the main national roads and because of its shape: it is more than half surrounded by the sea.
The Midlands, known as the heart of England, is the largest industrial part in. the country. The most important industrial cities are Manchester, Sheffield, Liverpool, which is one of Britain's big ports, and Birmingham. The two famous Midlands cities, Stratford-upon-Avon and Oxford are connected with English culture: Stratford is the birthplace of great William Shakespeare and Oxford is famous for its university.
The North of England has some of the wildest and loneliest parts of the country, but also some of the busiest industrial cities. Here you can find deep valleys, rivers and waterfalls, hills and mountains. This part of the country is rich in coal which is important for the region's industry. The main attractions of the North of England are certainly the Lake District, the cities of York and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Many tourists come over especially to look at the ruins of Hadrian's Wall, a stone wall built across the North of England by the order of the Roman ruler Hadrian to defend the North border of Roman Britain from Scottish tribes.


Приложение 4

Royal London
Many places in London are closely connected with the Crown. There are royal palaces, royal parks, roads and streets where beautiful ceremonies are held. The most important building is Buckingham Palace, which is the official residence of Queen Elizabeth II. The Mal, a wide avenue used for royal processions runs from Trafalgar Square to Buckingham Palace through St. James’s Park.
All together there are ten royal parks in and around London which are owned by the Crown. They are opened to the public free of charge. Each park has its own character. Hyde Park, for example, used to be a hunting forest. Regent’s Park was also a hunting place and is now the home of London Zoo and an open-air theatre which gives performances of Shakespeare’s plays in summer.
Though nowadays the Queen reigns but doesn’t rule in the country. In the history of Britain there were certain Kings and Queens whose names are specially remembered in the country and are well-known in the whole world. One of them was King Henry VIII. Most people remembered him only because he had six wives. But in fact he was a very important monarch. Under hum Britain became independent of the Roman Catholic Church; it got richer and more powerful. In 1534 the Parliament named Henry head of the Church of England and gave the King all the power in the country.
Henry’s daughter, Elizabeth became the Queen in 1558.Ahe never married and remembered as a very popular and strong queen. She is known for saying “I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a King…” During her reign England became very important in European politics, the Spanish Armada was defeated, arts and especially theatre developed, and the country became very powerful.
Another strong queen was Queen Victoria whose monument you can see in front of Buckingham Palace. Queen Victoria came to the throne as a young woman in 1837 and reigned until her death in 1901. She ruled for the longest period in the English History, for 64 years! Victoria married a German, Prince Albert, but he died at the age of42 in1861. That was a great tragedy for the Queen. She left London and never lived in the city where she had been so happy with her husband and 9 children. But there are places in London that remind us of their love. One of them is the Royal Albert Hall – a very large concert hall where the best musicians of the world perform classical music. In front of the Albert Hall there is a monument to Prince Albert built by Queen Victoria. Another place is Victoria Albert Museum with its rich collections of paintings and other works of arts. But this is not the only reason why Queen Victoria became very popular. During her reign Britain became a rich industrial country with developed trade, an empire with a lot of colonies.
Queen Victoria’s granddaughter Elizabeth II is on the British throne now.
Приложение 5
Culture of the youth
- What is implied under culture?- Culture is known to have many meanings. One of them refers to the spiritual and material achievements of humanity. On the whole it is possible to distinguish three kinds of culture. They are elite culture, folk culture and popular culture. These cultures are closely connected with one another and one culture is part of the others. Elite culture is a highly developed sphere, it is comprised of painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, music. Folk culture is the culture of everyday life and routine relations of social life. Folk culture consists of traditional knowledge and practice. It is like a habit of people, thus this culture does not change very quickly. Popular culture is mass culture. It is a professionally organized sphere that works for a large mass of people. Popular culture gives people, especially young, standards to be what they like.- What can you say about the culture of the youth?- Today the life of many young people in Russia as well as in other countries of the world is influenced by popular culture. The youth follow certain stereotypes that are imposed on them through TV, movies, and music. In their lifestyles they try to imitate the images of their idols. Other young people are sports and music fans. They frequent stadiums and huge concert halls. They follow their idols in their tours throughout the country and support them. Unfortunately they are intolerant to those who do not share their view. It is a specific aspect of the youth sub-culture that cannot be ignored.- Do many young people follow this pattern?- No, they don't. Many young people have other interests. For some of them getting knowledge is of primary importance. They are fond of reading serious books, listening to serious music. They go to the conservatory and theatres. They are engaged in Hi-Tech through the Internet.- What do you and your friends prefer?- We prefer music. It plays a very important part in the life of young men. Tastes differ, and the music scene is changing. Young people like different kinds of music. Some like disco music they can dance to. Some like loud, heavy rock music. Some like the popular reggae sound. Some like South American rhythm. Many of them are fond of jazz. Madonna and Bruce Sprigsteen from the USA and George Michael from Britain also have huge numbers of fans. As for me, my friends and I enjoy Celtic folk music. My favourite groups that perform Celtic music are "Chieftains" and "River dance".- Is Celtic folk music popular in Russia?- Yes, it is. It is very popular. For example, St. Patrick's Day, the major Irish holiday, is celebrated throughout Moscow. You can hear Celtic music everywhere on this day. It should be said that festivals of Irish music are regularly held in Russia, hosting groups performing Celtic music from Ireland, Great Britain, the USA and Russia.- Do you mean that there are groups in Russia that play Celtic music?- Yes, there are. In such groups as "Slua Si", "Pucken' Piper", and "Reelroads" Russian young men perform Irish and Scottish music.- What can you say about Russian rock music?- I am not a fan of Russian rock. But there are a lot of rock musicians in our country. Such groups as "Alisa", "DDT" and "Mumiy Troll" are very popular among Russian young people. It is interesting to note that many young people still listen to the music of the groups that do not exist any more. I mean "Kino" and "Nautilus Pompilius".- What books do Russian young people read?- Many young people are fond of stories and novels written by Victor Pelevin and Boris Akunin. Their works are examples of such literary trends as post modernism and post Constructivism. Besides, many young people like to read science fiction literature. The novels by the Strougutskys's are best read even today. Among the young science fiction writers the novels by Serge Lukjanenko are very popular. A lot of young people are fond of are science fiction and fantasy.- Why are science fiction and fantasy so popular in Russia?- These literary trends are poplar not only in Russia but all over the world. The best read foreign fantasy writer is J.R.R. Tolkien. His books really ushered in a new era in literature. J.R.R. Tolkien won fame due to his original epic trilogy "The Lord of the Rings". This outstanding work by the mid-1960s became a sociocultural phenomenon. While working on his trilogy J.R.R. Tolkien created "The Hobbit" which was an introduction to it. Both "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" are set in a mythical past. "The Lord of the Rings" chronicles the struggle between various good and evil kingdoms for possession of a magical ring that can shift the balance of power in the world. The trilogy is remarkable for its fantasy types - elves, dwarves, hobbits - and its sustained imaginative storytelling. It is regarded as a rare, successful modern version of the heroic epic.- Do you know anything about urban sub-cultures of the youth?- It is generally held that sub-culture is the culture of those who are dissatisfied with their place in society. On the whole Teds, Mods, Rockers, Bikers, Skinheads and Punks are the sub-cultures of the politically or economically weak segments of the society.- What do recent sub-cultures protest against?- As is known, recent sub-cultures reflect a refusal to conform in post-1945 society. For example, the sub-culture of Rastafairians was based on nostalgia for a lost world. They idealized Africa.- Who were Rastafairians?- Rastafairians were Afro-Caribbean immigrants in Britain. They dreamed of golden age in Africa before the slave traders came. They viewed Britain as part of the Biblical 'Babylon', the land of slavery, and Africa especially Ethiopia as the 'Promised Land'. These Rastafairians began to wear distinctive clothes, camouflage jackets, large hats in the red, gold and green colours of Ethiopia and put their long, uncut hair in 'dreadlocks'. They took to speaking in a special 'patois' or dialect. Rastafairians were defiant until they became a recognized and legitimate minority group in Great Britain at the end of the 1980s.- What made the greatest impact on the development of urban sub-cultures?- Black music which came to Britain through the Rastafairians made its impact on urban sub-cultures. Such types as ska, reggae and 'Hip-hop' evolved in the Caribbean and the United States, developed in Britain during the 1970s, came to Russia in the 1990s In Britain reggae music is held as powerful expression of dissidents. In our country reggae is the music of the teenagers. Many sub-cultures developed as a result of music fusion of black and white cultures.- Can you give an example of such fusion?- Skinheads developed in the 1970s in England out of an older cult, the Mods. They imitated black mannerism and fashion and danced to reggae. At the same time the white teenagers who loved the music and copied the clothes of the Afro-Asian immigrants were violent to them. They wore heavy boots, jeans and braces, and shave their hair or cut it very short. They aggressively sought to recover a crude working-class identity which their parents' generation had largely abandoned. In the main, Skinheads dreamed about the revival of the traditional working-class culture. Now this movement is in decline in Britain but it flourishes in East European countries and Russia. The Skinheads in Great Britain were identified with extreme right wing views.- What can you say about Hippies?- Hippies belonged to the opposing young people of the late 1960s. Their forms of protest corresponded to the standards of their contemporaneous society. Coming against the war in Vietnam the young Americans, who associated themselves with Hippies, established their communes. The movement spread throughout Europe. Hippies led a primitive life in their own countries and then moved to the East. They rebelled against the values of their society. Their idol was J.R.R. Tolkien, who created the fairy tale of the twentieth century. His epic trilogy "The Lord of the Rings" became the guidelines for Hippies.- What do you know about Punks?- As far as I know, Punks appeared in Britain in the 1970s as a reaction to the glamour of the pop star world of the 1960s. Punks, like the Skinheads, are regressive, but inactive and politically indifferent. Their real attraction to the young has been their ability to insult middle-aged opinion, especially among the guardians of social values. They have done it by using vulgar language, wearing green and pink hair, dressing in torn clothes, mutilating their bodies with safety pins. Now Punks are in decline in Britain but are popular in our country. Punks, Skinheads and Rastafairians, each in their own way asserted that they resided in a world, as they understood it, alienated by class and race. Generally they were young people with low self-respect, who did poorly at school. Joining a gang was a means of finding a status. They opposed the traditional world in which they were settled as fiasco elements.- Are there other cults within urban sub-culture?- Yes, there are. "Heavy metal" is one of them. This music of failure is widely despised by those who enjoy pop, reggae or soul. Unlike other rebel cults the followers of heavy metal behave them selves as victims. They wear gothic script and grinning sculls, expression of disheartened interests. It is known that cults arise and disappear over periods of a decade or two. Ragga and Gothic arose in the 1980s. Raggas are American-inspired. They are clothed in baseball caps, tracksuits trousers and chunky trainers. Gothic is a blend of 1970s Punk and 1960s Hippies. "Goths" wear their hair very long and dyed black, and dress in cheap, loose clothes. They put on make-up, looking very pale with cosmetics around the eyes. They are not aggressive, and seem to feel nostalgia for the youth culture and music of the 1960s. At the end of the 1980s Acid House was a fashionable sub-culture. It fascinated thousands juveniles who had not earlier belonged to a cult. Acid House guaranteed fun and all-night dancing. It had its own music which was another variation on black music from America ("House Music"). By the 1990s this movement was also in decline. It is interesting to note that sub-cultures follow a cycle. At first they shock then provoke a strong response. As soon as the sub-culture gains momentum it magnetizes youth in search of rebel unity. Many adopt it for fun, and play rebellion in their leisure time. The sub-culture rapidly ceases to express serious dissent. In the end it becomes another recognized and colourful part of urban culture.
Приложение 6
Упражнение 1.1., раздел Preparation for Testing
Скрипт аудиотекста:
Youth culture is a lot more commercial than it was years ago. To be part of a certain culture you’ve got to have the fashion, it’s got to be the fashion, the music, and that’s all part of the culture. And the thing is, fashion is so expensive that you find that a lot of young people who haven’t got money, they will go out and they will do all sort of things just to get their fashion accessories, like to rob people, sell drugs, and the thing that is really sad about that is, you see, a lot of programmes, as well, encourage young people to be wearing the most expensive things and these programmes are out there for young people from the age of 13 up, and you cannot expect 13- or 14-year-olds to have that kind of money, and you cannot expect their parents to be giving them that money to spend a hundred pound on a pair of jeans. It’s all peer group pressure. And that peer group pressure comes from media pressure as well.

Black youth culture, certainly in Britain, has a kind of similar history to white youth subcultures. You could say that all the way through from the 1950s, white youth culture was borrowing from black, particularly in places like Jamaica, places like America. And in the case of British black youth culture you actually had a whole series of subcultures, for example, Rastas. I think, by the end of the 80s what you got was black youth culture infused into all sorts of aspects of youth culture. A lot of white youth culture now, rave culture is a good example, is a borrowing from black music. Black subcultures are still in existence, whereas white subcultures are a lot more fragmented. What you have now is really subcultures in the black community around music, around musical styles, hip-hop, reggae and so on. West Indian or Afro-Caribbean black youth culture remains on the cutting edge of style and music. Ragga, for example, is a style which continues to break style rules and remain very visible on the street. Everything in ragga is a kind of exaggeration. It combines very, very baggy trousers, very, very interesting use of colours, a lot of labels, very, very exclusive jackets, very exclusive trainers, very, very sharp haircuts and still an interest in sports clothes and that combined with a fairly kind of slack and provocative presentation of self. Black youth culture remains important, it helps young people to assert that you are black and British, emphasising the importance of actually taking on a British identity as well as a black one.


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The Rebirth of American Musical Theatre
Two great writers of American musical theatre, Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, had one idea in common. They wanted to present to the American public a new and revolutionary musical that would stand out above the rest. They wanted to make an impact on the societies of the era. They wanted to be creative and do something that was considered rebellious. When they finally combined their ideas together they created an American masterpiece in musical theatre: Oklahoma!. It was the first Rodgers and Hammerstein collaboration, starting the most successful creative partnership in the history of American musical theatre.
In the years before Oklahoma! was created, Broadway was dying. New and refreshing musicals were a rare occasion and when an artist tried to create something that he hoped his audience would like, he was sadly disappointed. Broadway was suffering from a lack of what it was revered for: astounding plays and musicals. Its time of glamour and glitz was almost forgotten, and was in need of being saved. That is why Oklahoma! is considered a rebirth of the American musical theatre at the time. It brought Broadway back to life, filling theatre seats with enthusiastic audiences who embraced the changes of this new theatre musical with open arms and made it a legend. Oklahoma! set new standards for classic American theatre by introducing new techniques of presenting the musical to the audience, introducing a new genre of music into the theatre, and strayed away from the usual classic form and structure of a musical that audiences had grown used to. It was a time of change, a time of excitement, and a time of setting standards for the future.
Almost from the first performance at the St. James Theatre on March 31, 1943, Oklahoma! has been recognized as a new kind of musical play that denied its Broadway audiences many of their most treasured traditions.
Dance was not a new element in the theatre realm. It had been used for years as a way of interpretation of feelings of a character that the writer or director wanted the audience to feel visually. Through movement, expression of those feelings was portrayed and helped the audience to somewhat experience that single emotion of fear, hate, love, or guilt right along with the character on stage. But what was usual was that it was never brought together with the music and singing.
But in Oklahoma!, everything fit into its place. For the first time, not only were the songs and story inseparable, but the dances heightened the drama by revealing the fears and desires of the leading characters.
Dance was not the only idea that Rodgers and Hammerstein brought into their new collaboration. Joseph Swain adds that much was made at the time of the hero's killing the villain on stage in Oklahoma!. This too was not new. Oklahoma! was in fact in the genre of Musical Comedy, and many critics felt that villains and murder were not elements that should appear in a comedy.
But once the doors opened and tickets began to sell and shows eventually became sold out, Rodgers and Hammerstein really did not have anything to fear. Their show soon showed itself to be a success, even with a villain and a murder. The audiences were at first disturbed to see these elements in a comedy, but soon came into agreement with these new additions and liked its originality and creativeness.
Just like the dance element, the villain and the murder were a key part of the story line, and to remove them just to make the audience feel more comfortable would in turn shake the foundation of the plot. This was a chance Rodgers and Hammerstein were willing to take; a risk that proved to be a wise one to take in the end. Audiences found relief in the killing of the villain and a certain justice in the conclusion of the musical. The “bad guy” had lost and “justice reigned supreme”.















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